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Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines

1. Aufl.

von: Y. Frank Cheng
151,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	31.01.2024
ISBN/EAN:	9781119815402
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	352

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Titelbeschreibung

DEFECT ASSESSMENT FOR INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT OF PIPELINES Make energy pipelines safer by improved defect assessment for integrity management Pipelines provide an effective and efficient mode for transportation of energies, including both conventional fossil fuels and renewable energies and fuels such as hydrogen, biofuels and carbon dioxide, over wide ranges and long distances, meeting economic development and civilian needs. While the integrity and safety of in-service pipelines is paramount to pipeline operators, there are many factors which can adversely affect the pipeline integrity and potentially result in pipeline failures and, sometimes, serious consequences. Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines provides a thorough and detailed overview of various techniques that can be used to assess corrosion defects, the most common defects on pipelines, and other mechanical defects such as dents, buckles and winkles, all of which constitute essential threats to pipeline integrity. In addition to widely used standards and codes for defect assessment, readers can obtain the latest progress in development of advanced techniques for improved accuracy in defect assessment. From early-stage Level I methods to the newest Level III method integrating with the mechano-electrochemical interaction, Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines has everything you need to improve safety of your pipelines. Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines readers will also find: <ul><li>Evolution of defect assessment techniques and limitations to be overcome with improved techniques</li> <li>Detailed analysis of defect assessment for determination of fitness-for-service of the pipelines, and prediction of their failure pressures</li> <li>Both theoretical and practical aspects of the defect assessment methods applied on pipelines</li></ul> Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines is ideal for pipeline professionals, researchers and graduate students to improve personal knowledge, research expertise, and technical skills.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface 1 Pipeline Integrity Management 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview of Threats to Pipeline Integrity 1.2.1 Corrosion 1.2.2 Environmentally assisted cracking 1.2.2.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking 1.2.2.2 Corrosion Fatigue 1.2.2.3 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 1.2.3 Manufacturing defects 1.2.3.1 Manufacturing Defects on Pipe Body 1.2.3.2 Manufacturing Defects at Welds 1.2.4 Construction damage 1.2.4.1 Encroachment Damage 1.2.4.2 Dents 1.2.5 Geotechnical hazards 1.2.5.1 Landslides 1.2.5.2 Land Subsidence 1.2.5.3 Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement 1.2.5.4 Earthquake 1.2.6 Threat interaction 1.3 Elements of Pipeline Integrity Management 1.3.1 Identification 1.3.1.1 In-line inspection (ILI) tools and the applications 1.3.2 Assessment 1.3.2.1 Determination of FFS of Pipelines 1.3.3 Mitigation 1.3.4 Prevention 1.3.5 Monitoring 1.4 Plan-Do-Check-Act Integrity Management Cycle 1.4.1 Plan 1.4.2 Do 1.4.3 Check 1.4.4 Act References 2 Levels I and II Assessment of Corrosion Anomalies on Pipelines 2.1 Defect Assessment for Pipeline FFS Determination 2.2 Evolution of Defect Assessment Techniques 2.2.1 Historical Background of Defect Assessment on Pipelines 2.2.2 Level-by-Level Defect Assessment Approach 2.3 Level I Defect Assessment on Pipelines 2.3.1 Principle and Codes 2.3.2 Applications of Level I Defect Assessment for Pipeline FFS Determination and Failure Pressure Prediction 2.3.3 Commentary Remarks for Level I Defect Assessment Methods 2.4 Level II Defect Assessment on Pipelines 2.4.1 Principle and Codes 2.4.1.1 The Level IIa Method 2.4.1.2 The Level IIb Method 2.4.2 Commentary Remarks for Level II Defect Assessment Methods References 3 Level III Assessment of Corrosion Anomalies on Pipelines 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Principle and Methods 3.2.1 Stress Conditions of Pipelines 3.2.2 Stress-Strain Relationships of Pipeline Steels 3.2.3 Pipeline Failure Criteria 3.2.3.1 Stress-Based Criteria 3.2.3.2 Strain-Based Criteria 3.3 Applications for FFS Determination and Failure Pressure Prediction of Pipelines 3.3.1 A Single Corrosion Defect on Pipelines 3.3.1.1 Failure Pressure Prediction and Evaluation of the Accuracy of Existing Industry Models 3.3.1.2 Local Stress and Strain Distributions at the Corrosion Defect 3.3.1.3 Failure Pressure of Pipelines Containing a Corrosion Defect under a Combined Internal Pressure and Axial Strain 3.3.2 Multiple Corrosion Defects on Pipelines 3.3.2.1 The Model 3.3.2.2 Interaction of Longitudinally or Circumferentially Aligned Corrosion Defects on Pipelines 3.3.2.3 Overlapped Corrosion Defects on Pipelines 3.3.2.4 Quantification of the Interaction of Multiple Corrosion Defects 3.3.3 Defect Assessment Under Mechanical Vibration Induced by ILI Operation 3.3.3.1 The Model 3.3.3.2 Distributions of von Mises Stress and Strain at Corrosion Defect Under Cyclic Loading: Effect of R-Ratio 3.3.3.3 Distributions of von Mises Stress and Strain at Corrosion Defect Under Cyclic Loading: Effect of Cyclic Frequency 3.3.3.4 ILI Operation and Its Potential Effect on Integrity of Pipelines Containing Corrosion Defect 3.3.4 Corrosion Defect at Pipeline Elbow and the Burst Pressure Determination 3.3.4.1 Burst Pressure Prediction of Pipeline Elbow Containing Corrosion Defect 3.3.4.2 Development of the FE Model 3.3.4.3 Effects of Corrosion Defect Dimension on Burst Capacity of Pipe Elbow 3.3.4.4 A New Model for Prediction of Burst Pressure of Corroded Pipe Elbows 3.3.5 Interaction between Internal and External Corrosion Defects on Pipelines 3.3.5.1 Model Development 3.3.5.2 Stress Distributions and Failure Pressure of a Steel Pipe Containing Corrosion Defects with Various Distribution Types 3.3.5.3 Assessment of the Interaction between Internal and External Corrosion Defects and the Implication on Pipeline Integrity Management 3.4 Commentary Remarks References 4 Mechano-Electrochemical Interaction for Level III Assessment of Corrosion Anomalies on Pipelines–A Single Corrosion Defect 4.1 Fundamentals of Mechano-Electrochemical Interaction for Pipeline Corrosion 4.1.1 The Mechanical-Chemical Interaction of Corrosion of Stressed Metals 4.1.2 The M-E Interaction for Pipeline Corrosion 4.1.2.1 Corrosion Thermodynamics and Kinetics Under an Elastic Stress 4.1.2.2 Corrosion Thermodynamics and Kinetics Under a Plastic Stress 4.2 Multiple Physics Field Coupling at a Corrosion Defects on Pipelines 4.2.1 Electrochemical Anodic and Cathodic Reactions and Relevant Parameters 4.2.2 Electrical Field in the Solution Phase 4.2.3 Mechanical Stress Field on Pipelines 4.3 The M-E Interaction at a Single Corrosion Defect on Pipelines 4.3.1 A Single Corrosion Defect with a Regular Geometrical Shape 4.3.1.1 Corrosion Defect with Various Inclinations on Pipelines 4.3.1.2 Corrosion Defect at an Elbow of Pipelines 4.3.2 A Single Corrosion Defect with Complex Shape 4.3.2.1 At the Inclination Angle of 90o 4.3.2.2 At the Inclination Angle of 0o 4.3.2.3 Effect of the Corrosion Defect Geometry on Assessment Accuracy 4.3.3 Corrosion Defect Growth on Pipelines under the M-E Interaction 4.3.3.1 The Model and Modeling Process 4.3.3.2 Corrosion Defect Growth and Failure Pressure Prediction Under Various Internal Pressures 4.3.3.3 Implications on Long-Term Performance of Corroded Pipelines 4.3.4 The M-E Interaction at a Corrosion Defect on Pipelines in Suspension and the Failure Pressure Prediction 4.3.4.1 The Model and Modeling Process 4.3.4.2 Modeling of von Mises Stress and Anodic Current Density at a Corrosion Defect on a Suspended Pipe Segment 4.3.4.3 Failure Prediction of Suspended Pipelines Containing a Corrosion Defect References 5 Mechano-Electrochemical Interaction for Level III Assessment of Corrosion Anomalies on Pipelines–Multiple Corrosion Defects 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Assessment of Multiple Corrosion Defects on Pipelines and Development of Interaction Rules 5.2.1 Longitudinally Aligned Corrosion Defects Under the M-E Interaction 5.2.1.1 The Model 5.2.1.2 Distributions of Stress and Anodic Current Density of the Pipe Containing Two Corrosion Defects under Axial Tensile Stresses 5.2.1.3 Distributions of Stress and Anodic Current Density of a Pressurized Pipe Containing Two Corrosion Defects 5.2.1.4 A Critical Longitudinal Spacing Criterion 5.2.2 Circumferentially Aligned Corrosion Defects Under the M-E Interaction 5.2.2.1 The Model 5.2.2.2 Distributions of Stress and Anodic Current Density of the Pipe under Axial Tensile Stresses 5.2.2.3 Distributions of Stress and Anodic Current Density of a Pressurized Pipe Containing Two Corrosion Defects 5.4.2.4 A Critical Circumferential Spacing Criterion 5.2.3 Overlapped Corrosion Defects Under the M-E Interaction 5.2.3.1 The Model 5.2.3.2 Modeling of Stress and Anodic Current Density at Overlapped Corrosion Defects Under Various Internal Pressures 5.2.3.3 Modeling of the Stress and Anodic Current Density Distributions at Overlapped Corrosion Defects with Various Defect Depths 5.2.3.4 Implications on Integrity of Pipelines Containing Overlapped Corrosion Defects 5.3 Interactions of Multiple Corrosion Defects with Irregular Orientations 5.3.1 The Model Development 5.3.2 Effects of Relative Positions and Spacing of the Corrosion Defects on Mechano-Electrochemical Interaction 5.3.2.1 Relative Longitudinal Positions and Spacing 5.3.2.2 Relative Circumferential Positions and Spacing 5.3.3 Implication on Pipeline Integrity in the Presence of Multiple, Irregularly Oriented Corrosion Defects References 6 Assessment of Dents on Pipelines 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Standards and Methods for Dent Assessment 6.2.1 Existing Dent Assessment Standards 6.2.2 Principles of the Dent Assessment Standards 6.2.3 Limitations of the Existing Standards and Improved Strain Determination for Dent Assessment 6.3 Assessment of Dent-Defect Combinations on Pipelines 6.3.1 Dent with a Gouge 6.3.2 Corrosion in Dent 6.3.3 Dent with Cracks 6.4 Fatigue Failure of Pipelines Containing Dents 6.5 Failure Criteria of Pipelines Containing Dents 6.5.1 Oyane’s Plastic Failure Criterion and Ductile Fracture Damage Index (DFDI) Criterion 6.5.2 Strain Limit Damage (SLD) Criterion 6.5.3 Net Section Failure Criterion and Plastic Collapse Strain Criterion 6.5.4 Remaining Fatigue Life Criterion 6.6 Finite Element Modeling for Dent Assessment on Pipelines 6.6.1 Simulation of the Denting Process 6.6.1.1 Materials Model 6.6.1.2 Model Development 6.6.1.3 Modeling Verification 6.6.2 Modeling for Dent Assessment of Pipelines 6.6.3 Modeling Assessment for Dent-Corrosion Combinations on Pipelines 6.6.3.1 Corrosion in Dent 6.6.3.2 A Dent in Adjacency with a Corrosion Defect 6.6.4 Assessment for Dent Combined with Other Defect on Pipelines 6.6.4.1 Dent Combined with a Gouge 6.6.4.2 Dent Combined with Cracks References 7 Assessment of Buckles on Pipelines and Buckling Failure Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Buckling Failure Analysis of an X80 Steel Pipe Containing a Dent Under Bending Moment 7.2.1 The Model Development for Numerical Analysis 7.2.2 Calculation of Bending Curvature of the Pipeline during Buckling 7.2.3 Effect of Operating Pressure on Critical Buckling Moment 7.2.4 Effect of Pipe Dimension on Critical Buckling Moment 7.2.5 Effect of Steel properties on Critical Buckling Moment 7.3 Buckling Failure Analysis of a Corroded Pipe under Axial Compressive Loading 7.3.1 The Model Development and Numerical Algorithm 7.3.2 Effects of Depth, Length and Width of the Corrosion Defect on Critical Buckling Load 7.3.3 Effect of Pipe Dimension on Critical Buckling Load 7.3.4 Effect of Operating Pressure on Critical Buckling Load 7.4 Buckling Resistance of Corroded Pipelines under Bending Moment 7.4.1 The Model Development 7.4.2 Effect of Corrosion Defect Dimension 7.4.3 Effect of Pipe Dimension 7.4.4 Effect of Internal Pressure 7.4.5 Implications on Pipeline Integrity Management 7.5 Prediction of Burst Capacity of Corroded Pipelines under a Combined Bending Moment and Axial Compressive Load 7.5.1 Introduction 7.5.2 Numerical Model and Pipe Failure Criterion 7.5.3 Effect of Loading Conditions on Burst Failure of a Corroded Pipe 7.5.4 Parametric Sensitivity Study 7.5.4.1 Bending Moment 7.5.4.2 Axial Compressive Load 7.5.4.3 Corrosion Depth, Length and Width 7.5.5 A New Burst Model for Corroded Pipelines under Combined Axial Compressive Load and a Bending Moment References Index

Autorenportrait

Y. Frank Cheng, PhD, FRSC, is professor, director and Canada Research Chair in Pipeline Engineering at the University of Calgary. He is an internationally recognized leader in energy pipeline technology, specializing in materials science, corrosion and integrity management of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and natural gas pipelines. He is the author of 4 books and over 300 journal papers. He is Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (RSC).

Back cover copy

Make energy pipelines safer by improved defect assessment for integrity management Pipelines provide an effective and efficient mode for transportation of energies, including both conventional fossil fuels and renewable energies and fuels such as hydrogen, biofuels and carbon dioxide, over wide ranges and long distances, meeting economic development and civilian needs. While the integrity and safety of in-service pipelines is paramount to pipeline operators, there are many factors which can adversely affect the pipeline integrity and potentially result in pipeline failures and, sometimes, serious consequences. Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines provides a thorough and detailed overview of various techniques that can be used to assess corrosion defects, the most common defects on pipelines, and other mechanical defects such as dents, buckles and winkles, all of which constitute essential threats to pipeline integrity. In addition to widely used standards and codes for defect assessment, readers can obtain the latest progress in development of advanced techniques for improved accuracy in defect assessment. From early-stage Level I methods to the newest Level III method integrating with the mechano-electrochemical interaction, Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines has everything you need to improve safety of your pipelines. Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines readers will also find: <ul><li>Evolution of defect assessment techniques and limitations to be overcome with improved techniques</li> <li>Detailed analysis of defect assessment for determination of fitness-for-service of the pipelines, and prediction of their failure pressures</li> <li>Both theoretical and practical aspects of the defect assessment methods applied on pipelines</li></ul> Defect Assessment for Integrity Management of Pipelines is ideal for pipeline professionals, researchers and graduate students to improve personal knowledge, research expertise, and technical skills.