Details

Electrical Installation Designs


Electrical Installation Designs


4. Aufl.

von: Bill Atkinson, Roger Lovegrove, Gary Gundry

41,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 28.11.2012
ISBN/EAN: 9781118477755
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 272

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Beschreibungen

<b>A practical and highly popular guide for electrical contractors of small installations, now fully revised in accordance with the latest wiring regulations</b> <p>The book is a clearly written practical guide on how to design and complete a range of electrical installation projects in a competitive manner, while ensuring full compliance with the new Wiring Regulations (updated late 2008). The updated regulations introduced changes in terminology, such as ‘basic’ and ‘fault protection’, and also changed the regulation numbers. This new edition reflects these changes. It discusses new sections covering domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural projects, including material on marinas, caravan sites, and small scale floodlighting. This book provides guidance on certification and test methods, with full attention given to electrical safety requirements.   Other brand new sections cover protective measures, additional protection by means of RCDs, the new cable guidelines for thin wall partitions and Part P of the Building Regulations. </p> <ul> <li>Provides simple, practical guidance on how to design electrical installation projects, including worked examples and case studies</li> <li>Covers new cable guidelines and Part P of the Building Regulations (Electrical Installations) in line with 17<sup>th</sup> edition of the Wiring Regulations BS 7671:2008</li> <li>New chapters on protective measures and additional protection by means of RCDs (residual current devices)</li> <li>Features new wiring projects such as marinas, caravan sites and small scale floodlighting and street lighting</li> <li>Fully illustrated, including illustrations new to the fourth edition </li> </ul>
<p>About the Authors xvii</p> <p>Preface to the Fourth Edition xix</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxv</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Layout of chapters 1</p> <p>1.2 Wiring regulations 2</p> <p>1.3 Terminology 2</p> <p>1.4 Competence and responsibility 3</p> <p>1.5 Procedures 3</p> <p>1.6 Inspection and test 4</p> <p>1.7 Completion 5</p> <p>1.8 Working methods and materials 5</p> <p>1.9 Operatives 5</p> <p>1.10 Materials 5</p> <p>1.11 Amendments to BS 7671: 2008 6</p> <p>1.12 Voltages 6</p> <p>1.13 Voltage drop 6</p> <p><b>2 Three Bedroom House 8</b></p> <p>2.1 The bare minimum 9</p> <p>2.2 Standards 9</p> <p>2.3 Building regulations 11</p> <p>2.4 Load assessment 11</p> <p>2.5 A typical domestic supply 12</p> <p>2.6 Project specification 12</p> <p>2.7 Wiring systems and cable sizes 12</p> <p>2.8 Lighting 12</p> <p>2.9 13 A socket-outlets 13</p> <p>2.10 Cable sizes 15</p> <p>2.11 Circuit protection 15</p> <p>2.12 Additional protection for socket-outlets 15</p> <p>2.13 Arrangement of circuits 16</p> <p>2.14 Arrangement of consumer unit 16</p> <p>2.15 Main switch 17</p> <p>2.16 Earthing and bonding 17</p> <p>2.17 Gas services bonding and external meters 18</p> <p>2.18 Supplementary bonding 19</p> <p><b>3 A Block of Retirement Flatlets 21</b></p> <p>3.1 Two schemes 21</p> <p>3.2 Early considerations 21</p> <p>3.3 Other interested parties 22</p> <p>3.4 Building details 22</p> <p>3.5 Part 1 – Flats 24</p> <p>3.6 Part 2 – Landlord’s areas 29</p> <p><b>4 Overcurrent Protection 35</b></p> <p>4.1 Overload 35</p> <p>4.2 Overload protection 36</p> <p>4.3 Overload protective devices 37</p> <p>4.4 Fault current 38</p> <p>4.5 Fault Current Protection 39</p> <p>4.6 Omission of fault current protection 39</p> <p>4.7 Short-circuit rating 39</p> <p>4.8 Disconnection times 41</p> <p>4.9 Earth loop impedance 42</p> <p>4.10 Summary of cb specification 42</p> <p>4.11 Conclusion 43</p> <p><b>5 An Architect’s Office 44</b></p> <p>5.1 Other interested parties 44</p> <p>5.2 Building structure and finishes 45</p> <p>5.3 Electrical requirements 46</p> <p>5.4 Skirting system 51</p> <p>5.5 Underfloor system 51</p> <p>5.6 Socket-outlets 51</p> <p>5.7 Lighting circuits 51</p> <p>5.8 Battened out ceilings 52</p> <p>5.9 Extra-Low Voltage lighting (elv) 52</p> <p>5.10 Group transformers 53</p> <p>5.11 Individual transformers 53</p> <p>5.12 Fire prevention 53</p> <p>5.13 Arrangement of circuits 53</p> <p>5.14 Distribution boards 54</p> <p>5.15 Cable sizes 55</p> <p>5.16 Switchgear 55</p> <p>5.17 Print machine 57</p> <p>5.18 Wall heaters in toilets 57</p> <p>5.19 Storage heaters 57</p> <p>5.20 Presence of 400 Volts 58</p> <p>5.21 Access to switchgear 58</p> <p>5.22 Earthing and bonding 58</p> <p>5.23 Main earthing terminal 58</p> <p>5.24 False ceiling grid 59</p> <p>5.25 Computer installations 60</p> <p>5.25.1 Computer supplies 60</p> <p>5.26 High protective conductor currents 60</p> <p>5.27 Mains filters 60</p> <p>5.28 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 61</p> <p><b>6 A High Street Shop 62</b></p> <p>6.1 Special considerations 62</p> <p>6.2 Other interested parties 63</p> <p>6.3 Building structure and finishes 63</p> <p>6.4 Electrical requirements 63</p> <p>6.5 Loading and diversity 63</p> <p>6.6 Lighting 65</p> <p>6.7 Socket-outlets 66</p> <p>6.8 Other appliances 67</p> <p>6.9 Phase balance 68</p> <p>6.10 Wiring systems 68</p> <p>6.11 Start by considering cost 69</p> <p>6.12 Shop area 69</p> <p>6.13 Bakery area 69</p> <p>6.14 Temperature limit of 70° C 70</p> <p>6.15 Temperature limit of 90° C 70</p> <p>6.16 Final selection and cable sizes 70</p> <p>6.17 Bakery wiring 70</p> <p>6.18 Shop wiring 71</p> <p>6.19 Distribution board 71</p> <p>6.20 Cable sizes 72</p> <p>6.21 Switchgear 73</p> <p>6.22 Isolation and switching 73</p> <p>6.23 Earthing and bonding 73</p> <p>6.24 Main earthing terminal (MET) 73</p> <p>6.25 False-ceiling grid 74</p> <p>6.26 Steel tables in the bakery 74</p> <p><b>7 Earthing and Bonding 75</b></p> <p>7.1 Terminology 75</p> <p>7.2 Definitions 76</p> <p>7.3 Green-and-yellow conductors 76</p> <p>7.4 Protective earthing and protective equipotential bonding 77</p> <p>7.5 Protective Multiple Earthing (PME) 77</p> <p>7.6 Reliability of the earth-neutral path 78</p> <p>7.7 Main bonding 79</p> <p>7.8 Single fault condition 81</p> <p>7.9 Supplementary bonding 82</p> <p>7.10 Circuit Protective Conductors (CPCs) 82</p> <p>7.11 Steel conduit and trunking 83</p> <p>7.12 Steel wire armoured cable 84</p> <p>7.13 Comparison of thermoplastic (PVC) and thermosetting (XLPE) armoured cable 84</p> <p>7.14 Continuity of cable glands 84</p> <p>7.15 Equipment having high protective conductor currents 86</p> <p>7.16 Protective conductor currents 86</p> <p>7.17 'High integrity' earthing 87</p> <p>7.18 Earth monitoring and isolated supplies 87</p> <p>7.19 Socket-outlets for desktop computers 88</p> <p>7.20 Connections of protective conductors 89</p> <p>7.21 Residual current devices 89</p> <p><b>8 Car Service Workshop 90</b></p> <p>8.1 Standards and recommendations 90</p> <p>8.2 An adaptable design 91</p> <p>8.3 Motor vehicle repair premises 91</p> <p>8.4 Other interested parties 91</p> <p>8.5 Building structure and finishes 91</p> <p>8.6 Construction 94</p> <p>8.7 Electrical requirements 94</p> <p>8.8 Health and safety executive guidance and regulations 94</p> <p>8.9 Health and safety guidance note HSG 261 95</p> <p>8.10 Wiring regulations 96</p> <p>8.11 Load assessment and maximum demand 96</p> <p>8.12 Maximum demand load and diversity 96</p> <p>8.13 Lighting 97</p> <p>8.14 Welder 99</p> <p>8.15 Compressor 99</p> <p>8.16 Gas blowers 100</p> <p>8.17 Phase balance 100</p> <p>8.18 Estimate of maximum demand 101</p> <p>8.19 What about a distribution circuit (sub-main)? 102</p> <p>8.20 Wiring systems 102</p> <p>8.21 Workshop 102</p> <p>8.22 Office 105</p> <p>8.23 Arrangement of circuits 105</p> <p>8.24 Distribution boards 105</p> <p>8.25 Cable sizes 105</p> <p>8.26 Isolation and switching 107</p> <p>8.27 Machinery 107</p> <p>8.28 Cooker 107</p> <p>8.29 Gas boiler 107</p> <p>8.30 110 V transformer 108</p> <p>8.31 Earthing and bonding 108</p> <p>8.32 Main earthing terminal 109</p> <p>8.33 Protective conductors at distribution board B 109</p> <p>8.34 Armoured cable glands 109</p> <p>8.35 Steel conduit and trunking 110</p> <p><b>9 Circuits 111</b></p> <p>9.1 Terminology 111</p> <p>9.2 Colours of three phases 111</p> <p>9.3 Conventional circuits 112</p> <p>9.4 Lighting circuits 112</p> <p>9.5 Induction 113</p> <p>9.6 Socket-outlet circuits 113</p> <p>9.7 Changing methods 113</p> <p>9.8 Ring main obsolescence 113</p> <p>9.9 History of the ring final circuit 114</p> <p>9.10 Times have changed 114</p> <p>9.11 Alternative methods 116</p> <p>9.12 Radial circuits 117</p> <p>9.13 Introducing the tree 117</p> <p>9.14 20 A tree 117</p> <p>9.14.1 Domestic 117</p> <p>9.14.2 Commercial and similar 117</p> <p>9.15 32 A tree 118</p> <p>9.16 Switching and control 119</p> <p>9.17 Comparison of systems 120</p> <p>9.18 32 A ring final circuit 120</p> <p>9.19 20 A tree 121</p> <p>9.20 Composite circuits 121</p> <p><b>10 Farming and Horticulture 123</b></p> <p>10.1 Why farms are different 124</p> <p>10.2 Special earthing requirements on farms with TT systems 126</p> <p>10.3 Earth electrodes 127</p> <p>10.4 Alternative electrodes 127</p> <p>10.5 Bonding 128</p> <p>10.6 Supplementary bonding 129</p> <p>10.7 Residual current devices 129</p> <p>10.8 Shock protection 130</p> <p>10.9 General requirements for automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) 131</p> <p>10.10 Fire protection 132</p> <p>10.11 Automatic life support for high density livestock rearing 132</p> <p>10.12 Switchgear 133</p> <p>10.13 Wiring systems 134</p> <p>10.14 Overhead or underground wiring 134</p> <p>10.15 Non-metallic wiring systems 135</p> <p>10.16 Steel Wire Armoured (SWA) cable 136</p> <p>10.17 Twin and earth cable 136</p> <p>10.18 General rules regarding farm electrical installations 136</p> <p><b>11 Isolation and Switching 138</b></p> <p>11.1 Isolation and switching 138</p> <p>11.2 Isolation 139</p> <p>11.3 Mechanical maintenance 140</p> <p>11.4 Emergency switching 141</p> <p>11.5 Labelling and notices 143</p> <p><b>12 A Village Sports Centre 145</b></p> <p>12.1 Special conditions 145</p> <p>12.2 Codes of practice 145</p> <p>12.3 Other interested parties 146</p> <p>12.4 Building details 146</p> <p>12.5 Structure and finishes 147</p> <p>12.6 Electricity supply and requirements 148</p> <p>12.7 Off-peak tariff 148</p> <p>12.8 Normal tariff 148</p> <p>12.9 Load assessment and diversity 150</p> <p>12.10 Off-peak heating 150</p> <p>12.11 Normal tariff 150</p> <p>12.12 Total estimated maximum current demand 152</p> <p>12.13 Wiring systems 152</p> <p>12.14 Circuitry and cable sizing 154</p> <p>12.15 Cable grouping factors 155</p> <p>12.16 Arrangement of circuits 156</p> <p>12.17 Switchgear 157</p> <p>12.18 Shock protection 157</p> <p>12.19 Earthing 157</p> <p>12.20 Bonding 157</p> <p>12.21 An occasional problem 157</p> <p>12.22 Solutions 158</p> <p>12.23 Requirements for a TT installation 159</p> <p><b>13 An Indoor Swimming Pool 160</b></p> <p>13.1 Special conditions 160</p> <p>13.2 Other interested parties 161</p> <p>13.3 Building details 161</p> <p>13.4 Application of zoning to this project 162</p> <p>13.5 Dehumidifiers 167</p> <p>13.6 Changing room/shower area 167</p> <p>13.7 Loading and diversity for the swimming pool project 168</p> <p>13.8 Wiring systems 169</p> <p>13.9 Cable sizes 170</p> <p>13.10 Distribution board 170</p> <p>13.11 Isolation 171</p> <p>13.12 110 V system 171</p> <p>13.13 Earthing 172</p> <p>13.14 Local supplementary bonding 172</p> <p>13.15 Floor grid 172</p> <p><b>14 Cables and Wiring Systems 174</b></p> <p>14.1 External influences 174</p> <p>14.2 Cost considerations 175</p> <p>14.3 Choosing suitable cable routes 175</p> <p>14.4 Is armouring always necessary? 175</p> <p>14.5 Fire barriers 175</p> <p>14.6 Holes through fire barriers 176</p> <p>14.7 Sealing the wiring system 176</p> <p>14.8 Work in progress 176</p> <p>14.9 Records 177</p> <p>14.10 Hidden cables 177</p> <p>14.11 Cables within a floor 177</p> <p>14.12 Cables above false ceilings 178</p> <p>14.13 Cables in walls 178</p> <p>14.14 Mechanically protected cables 179</p> <p>14.15 Fire and smoke 179</p> <p>14.16 Thermoplastic (PVC) insulation 180</p> <p>14.17 Thermosetting (XLPE) 181</p> <p>14.18 Silicone rubber 181</p> <p>14.19 Low smoke zero halogen (LS0H) 181</p> <p>14.20 Mineral insulated copper sheathed (MICS) cables 182</p> <p>14.21 Heat transference from cables 182</p> <p>14.22 Wiring systems and cable management 182</p> <p>14.23 Emergency systems 182</p> <p>14.24 Care with wiring systems 183</p> <p>14.25 Thermoplastic (PVC) insulated and sheathed cables 183</p> <p>14.26 Thermosetting (PVC) insulated conduit cables 183</p> <p>14.27 Steel conduit systems and trunking 184</p> <p>14.28 Plastic conduit systems and trunking 184</p> <p>14.29 MICS cables 184</p> <p>14.30 Steel wire armoured cables 185</p> <p>14.31 Silicone insulated PVC sheathed cables 185</p> <p><b>15 Inspection, Testing and Certification 186</b></p> <p>15.1 Labelling and documentation 187</p> <p>15.2 Specification and manual 187</p> <p>15.3 Regulations 187</p> <p>15.4 Electrical installation certificate (EIC) 187</p> <p>15.5 Signatories 190</p> <p>15.6 Alterations and additions 192</p> <p>15.7 Limits of responsibility 192</p> <p>15.8 Deviations and departures 193</p> <p>15.9 New materials and inventions 193</p> <p>15.10 Particulars of the installation 194</p> <p>15.11 Inspections and test schedules 194</p> <p>15.12 Inspection procedures 194</p> <p>15.13 Testing 197</p> <p>15.14 Continuity testing 198</p> <p>15.15 Polarity 198</p> <p>15.16 Continuity of protective conductors 198</p> <p>15.17 Continuity of ring circuit conductors 198</p> <p>15.18 Insulation resistance 200</p> <p>15.19 Earth fault loop impedance 202</p> <p>15.20 Supply impedance Ze 204</p> <p>15.21 Earth loop impedance of circuits Zs 205</p> <p>15.22 Prospective fault current 206</p> <p>15.23 Operation of residual current devices 206</p> <p><b>16 A Caravan Park 208</b></p> <p>16.1 Measures for protection against electric shock 208</p> <p>16.2 Earthing arrangements 209</p> <p>16.3 PME must not be used for caravans 209</p> <p>16.4 Electrical equipment (external influences) 210</p> <p>16.5 Wiring systems 210</p> <p>16.6 Cables buried in the ground 210</p> <p>16.7 Overhead cables 210</p> <p>16.8 Caravan pitch electrical supply equipment 211</p> <p>16.9 Plugs and socket-outlets 211</p> <p><b>17 Residual Current Devices 213</b></p> <p>17.1 How does an RCD work? 214</p> <p>17.2 Fault protection 214</p> <p>17.3 Additional protection 217</p> <p>17.4 Requirements to provide additional protection by RCDs 217</p> <p>17.5 RCDs incorporated into a consumer unit, to meet the requirements for additional protection 218</p> <p>17.6 Protection against fire 220</p> <p>17.7 Avoiding a hazard and/or minimising an inconvenience due to the tripping of an RCD 221</p> <p>17.8 Reducing the possibility of unwanted tripping of RCDs 221</p> <p>17.9 Use of a ‘front-end’ 30 mA RCD is generally considered unacceptable practice 222</p> <p>17.10 Installations forming part of a T T system 222</p> <p>17.11 RCDs connected in series 223</p> <p>17.12 Labelling 223</p> <p><b>18 Flood Lighting (Outdoor Lighting) Project 224</b></p> <p>18.1 Lighting arrangement 224</p> <p>18.2 General requirements 224</p> <p>18.3 Wiring system 225</p> <p>18.4 Protective measures 226</p> <p>18.5 Load assessment 226</p> <p>18.6 Rating of the overcurrent protective device 227</p> <p>18.7 Circuit design 227</p> <p>18.8 Voltage drop consideration 228</p> <p>18.9 Switchgear 230</p> <p><b>19 Circuit Design Calculations 231</b></p> <p>19.1 Design process 231</p> <p>19.2 Protective conductors 235</p> <p>19.3 Worked example 235</p> <p>19.4 Solution 236</p> <p>Index 239</p>
<p><b>Mr. Bill Atkinson</b> (deceased) Bill Atkinson was the writer's pseudonym used by Alan Smith, the original author of the book. He worked in the electrical installation industry and at the NICEIC.</p> <p><b>Mr. Roger Lovegrove, <i>Consultant, Surrey, UK</i></b> Roger Lovegrove is an electrical consultant. He is a member of the Electrical Contractors' Association techinical committees and of the joint IEE/BSI Wiring Regulations committee. With his vast knowledge in this area of electrical engineering, he has updated Bill Atkinson’s original text for this fourth edtition.</p> <p><b>Mr. Gary Gundry,  </b> <b><i>Senior Engineer, Electrical Safety Council, UK</i></b> Mr Gundry worked for Seeboard and Eastern Electricity, before becoming a lecturer at Lowestoft College, teaching electrical contracting and electrical engineering up to HNC level. He joined NICEIC in 1999 after spending three years as a Director and Qualified Supervisor of a business enrolled as an Approved Contractor, where he worked in the Standards division on the NICEIC Technical Manual. He is now Senior Engineer at Electrical Safety Council.</p> <p><b>Mr. Martyn Allen,</b> <b><i>Senior Engineer, Electrical Safety Council</i></b> Martyn Allen's experience in the electrical installation industry spans 30 years. He served an apprenticeship and worked as an electrician with British Coal, spent 16 years in engineering insurance risk management and then joined the Electrical Safety Council. He is a Chartered Electrical Engineer and Corporate Member of the IET. He is a member of the Joint Technical Committee JPEL/64 Panel C – Shock Protection and Isolation and Switching.</p>
<p><i>Electrical Installation Designs</i> is the only book on electrical installation practice that uses typical projects to illustrate how to produce designs that comply with current standards.</p> <p>This Fourth Edition has been revised and updated to take account of the 2011 Amendment to the Seventeenth Edition of the Wiring Regulations BS 7671: 2008. It offers practical guide on how to design and complete a range of electrical installation projects in a way to ensure  compliance with these new Wiring Regulations.</p> <p>Examining projects including domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and leisure complexes, the authors explain the requirements of earthing and bonding, isolation and switching, overcurrent protection and installing cables. With careful attention on electrical safety requirements, they supply guidance on inspection, testing and certification.</p> <p>Key features of this new edition:</p> <ul> <li>Covers requirements of the Seventeenth Edition of the Wiring Regulations BS 7671:2008 Amendment No. 1: 2011</li> <li>New chapters on protective measures and additional protection by means of RCDs (residual current devices)</li> <li>Describes new wiring projects - caravan sites, small scale floodlighting and street lighting</li> <li>Reflects changes in terminology, such as "basic" and "fault protection", and the updated regulation numbers</li> <li>Includes worked examples, case studies, and some new illustrations</li> </ul> <p>The book is a valuable resource for electricians and electrical contractors.  It enables them to adapt standard formats for electrical installations to suit specific jobs. Designers, consultants, trainers and students may also appreciate the authors’ expert guidance on applying the Wiring Regulations in practice.</p>

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