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<p>Preface ix</p> <p>Introduction xi</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Evolution of Structural Analysis and Design </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1 History of design 2</p> <p>1.2 From empirical rules and intuition to FEM 6</p> <p>1.3 From FEM to AI 8</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 Metaheuristic Algorithms </b><b>11</b></p> <p>2.1 A brief history of the development of metaheuristic algorithms 12</p> <p>2.2 Generalities about metaheuristic algorithms 14</p> <p>2.3 Evolutionary algorithms 17</p> <p>2.3.1 Genetic algorithms 17</p> <p>2.3.2 The differential evolution algorithm 18</p> <p>2.4 Swarm intelligence 19</p> <p>2.4.1 Particle swarm optimization 20</p> <p>2.4.2 The flower pollination algorithm 22</p> <p>2.4.3 The bat algorithm 23</p> <p>2.5 Other metaheuristic algorithms 24</p> <p>2.5.1 Simulated annealing 24</p> <p>2.5.2 Teaching–learning-based optimization 26</p> <p>2.5.3 Harmony search 27</p> <p>2.5.4 The Jaya algorithm 28</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Application of Metaheuristic Algorithms to Structural Problems </b><b>31</b></p> <p>3.1 Objective function 32</p> <p>3.1.1 Weight 32</p> <p>3.1.2 Cost 33</p> <p>3.1.3 Response 35</p> <p>3.1.4 Effectiveness 37</p> <p>3.1.5 CO2 emissions in construction 38</p> <p>3.2 The design constraints 38</p> <p>3.2.1 Stress 40</p> <p>3.2.2 Deformations 43</p> <p>3.2.3 Buckling 45</p> <p>3.2.4 Fatigue 46</p> <p>3.2.5 Design regulation rules 46</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Applications of Metaheuristic Algorithms in Structural Design </b><b>49</b></p> <p>4.1 Generalities in structural design 49</p> <p>4.2 Sensibility analyses and reliability 50</p> <p>4.3 Types of structural optimization 50</p> <p>4.4 Basic structural engineering applications 52</p> <p>4.4.1 Vertical deflection minimization problem of an I-beam 52</p> <p>4.4.2 Cost optimization of the tubular column under compressive load 56</p> <p>4.4.3 Weight optimization of cantilever beams 60</p> <p>4.5 Appendix 1 63</p> <p>4.6 Appendix 2 66</p> <p>4.7 Appendix 3 69</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Optimization of Truss-like Structures </b><b>75</b></p> <p>5.1 The optimum design of truss structures 75</p> <p>5.1.1 Analyses of truss structures 76</p> <p>5.1.2 Review of the literature on the optimization of truss structures 78</p> <p>5.2 Numerical applications in the optimization of truss structures 79</p> <p>5.2.1 A 5-bar truss structure optimization problem 79</p> <p>5.2.2 A 3-bar truss structure optimization problem 82</p> <p>5.2.3 A 25-bar truss structure optimization problem 85</p> <p>5.2.4 A 72-bar space truss optimization example 88</p> <p>5.2.5 A 200-bar planar truss optimization example 89</p> <p>5.3 Tensegrity structures 93</p> <p>5.4 Appendix 1 94</p> <p>5.5 Appendix 2 97</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Optimization of Structures and Members </b><b>101</b></p> <p>6.1 Optimum design of RC beams 102</p> <p>6.2 Optimum design of RC spread footings 112</p> <p>6.3 Optimum design of RC columns 118</p> <p>6.4 Optimum design of RC frames 126</p> <p>6.4.1 The first example: two-span two-story RC frame 132</p> <p>6.4.2 The first example: two-span two-story RC frame 133</p> <p>6.5 Optimum design of RC cylindrical walls 136</p> <p>6.5.1 Optimum design of axially symmetric RC walls 136</p> <p>6.5.2 Optimization of post-tensioning forces for cylindrical walls 138</p> <p>6.5.3 Optimization of post-tensioned axially symmetric cylindrical RC walls 141</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Optimization in Structural Control Problems </b><b>143</b></p> <p>7.1 Optimum design of tuned mass dampers (TMD) 144</p> <p>7.1.1 Time domain-based optimization of TMDs 147</p> <p>7.1.2 Frequency domain-based optimization of TMDs 152</p> <p>7.2 Optimum design of base isolation systems 174</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Applications of Metaheuristic Algorithms to Structural Analysis </b><b>181</b></p> <p>8.1 Fundamentals of the method 181</p> <p>8.2 Applications to structures, generalities 185</p> <p>8.3 Applications to trusses and truss-like structures 185</p> <p>8.4 Applications to plates 189</p> <p>8.5 Further studies on the analysis of structures with TPO/MA 193</p> <p>Future Trends 195</p> <p>References 199</p> <p>Index 217 </p>

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