Cover
Preface
1 Anti-Adhesive Coatings: A Technique for Prevention of Bacterial Surface Fouling
1. 1.1 Bacterial Surface Fouling (Biofouling)
2. 1.2 Negative Effects of Biofouling by Bacteria on Practical Applications
3. 1.3 Anti-Adhesive Coatings for Preventing Bacterial Surface Fouling
4. 1.4 Bifunctional Coatings With Anti-Adhesive and Antibacterial Properties
5. 1.5 Concluding Remarks
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
2 Lignin-Based Adhesives
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Native Lignin and Source of Technical Lignin
3. 2.3 Limitations of Technical Lignins
4. 2.4 Lignin Pre-Treatment/Modification for Adhesive Application
5. 2.5 Challenges and Prospects
6. 2.6 Conclusions
7. References
3 Green Adhesive for Industrial Applications
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Advanced Green Adhesives Categories— Industrial Applications
3. 3.3 Conclusions and Future Scope
4. References
4 Green Adhesives for Biomedical Applications
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Main Raw Materials of Green Adhesives: Structure, Composition, and Properties
3. 4.3 Properties Characterization of Green Adhesives for Biomedical Applications
4. 4.4 Biomedical Applications of Natural Polymers
5. 4.5 Final Considerations
6. Acknowledgements
7. References
5 Waterborne Adhesives
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Performance of Waterborne Adhesives: An Overview
3. 5.3 Conclusions
4. References
6 Using Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Thermoset Adhesive/Sealant
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Furfuryl Alcohol as Adhesives
3. 6.3 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Sealants
4. 6.4 Applications
5. 6.5 Conclusions
6. Acknowledgement
7. References
7 Bioadhesives
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 History of Bioadhesives
3. 7.3 Classification of Bioadhesives
4. 7.4 Mechanism of Bioadhesion
5. 7.5 Testing of Bioadhesives
6. 7.6 Application of Bioadhesives
7. 7.7 Conclusion
8. References
8 Polysaccharide-Based Adhesives
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Cellulose-Derived Adhesive
3. 8.3 Starch-Derived Adhesives
4. 8.4 Natural Gums Derived-Adhesives
5. 8.5 Fermentation-Based Adhesives
6. 8.6 Enzyme Cross-Linked-Based Adhesives
7. 8.7 Micro-Biopolysaccharide-Based Adhesives
8. 8.8 Mechanism of Adhesion
9. 8.9 Tests for Adhesion Strength
10. 8.10 Applications
11. 8.11 Conclusion
12. References
9 Wound Healing Adhesives
1. 9.2 Wound
2. 9.3 Structure and Function of the Skin
3. 9.4 Mechanism of Wound Healing
4. 9.5 Wound Closing Techniques
5. 9.6 Wound Healing Adhesives
6. 9.7 Types of Wound Healing Adhesives Based Upon Site of Application
7. 9.8 Types of Wound Healing Adhesives Based Upon Chemistry
8. 9.9 Summary
9. References
10 Green-Wood Flooring Adhesives
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Wood Flooring
3. 10.3 Recent Advances About Green Wood-Flooring Adhesives
4. References
11 Synthetic Binders for Polymer Division
1. List of Abbreviations
2. 11.1 Introduction
3. 11.2 Classification of Adhesives Based on Its Chemical Properties
4. 11.3 Adhesives Characteristics
5. 11.4 Adhesives Classification Based on Its Function
6. 11.5 Resin
7. 11.6 Polyurethanes
8. 11.7 Epoxy Resins
9. 11.8 Phenol Formaldehyde Resin
10. 11.9 Melamine Resins
11. 11.10 Furan Resins
12. References
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Synthetic dry adhesive list with fabrication process and specific d...
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Chemical properties (XG and XM) and physical (μ, Mn, and dp) algina...
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Effect of thickness on the curing characteristics at 50±2^oC of furfury...
2. Table 6.2 Effect of concentration of catalyst on the curing characteristics at 5...
3. Table 6.3 Effect of temperature on the curing characteristics of furfuryl alcoho...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Tests and their corresponding ASTM standards.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Summary of wound closures [6, 26].
2. Table 9.2 Role of wound healing adhesives.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Parameters of copolymer synthesis [13]. (With kind permission obta...
2. Table 11.2 Swelling and density characteristics of unsaturated polyester resi...
3. Table 11.3 Characteristics of vinyl esters based on styrene and fatty acid cu...
4. Table 11.4 Physico-chemical properties of cardanol and cardanol formaldehyde ...
5. Table 11.5 Parameters of porous structure of copolymers [13]. (With kind perm...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Schematic diagrams of five types of anti-adhesive coatings. (a) H...
2. Figure 1.2 Schematic illustrations of bifunctional coatings with anti-adhesi...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Enzymes-mediated in situ radical polymerization of monolignols to...
2. Figure 2.2 Source of technical lignins and effects of extraction processes o...
3. Figure 2.3 Typical condensation reactions of lignin under (a) alkaline and (...
4. Figure 2.4 Demethylation of lignin fragments by different reactants under (a...
5. Figure 2.5 (a) Resonance structures of phenol and (b) phenolation at the sid...
6. Figure 2.6 The synthetic mechanisms of (a) resole resin and (b) novola resin...
7. Figure 2.7 Methylolation modification of lignin under (a) acidic and (b) alk...
8. Figure 2.8 (a) Common molecular structure of diisocyanates. (b) The cross-li...
9. Figure 2.9 Etherification of lignin phenolic hydroxyl group with propylene o...
10. Figure 2.10 Schematic representations of (a) chemical modification and (b) c...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Soft gripper with bio inspired adhesive material analysis and tes...
2. Figure 3.2 Various experimentation results of bio-inspired adhesive in soft ...
3. Figure 3.3 Geckos-Fiber clustering arrangement to make adhesion on the surfa...
4. Figure 3.4 Micro fabrication process utilized for making dry adhesive in the...
5. Figure 3.5 Lignin formation through rot-fungi involved technique.
6. Figure 3.6 Preparation of tannin powder from the extracted compounds.
7. Figure 3.7 Assembly process to attain conductive adhesive by heat and pressu...
8. Figure 3.8 Practical implementation of dental resin interface regarding adhe...
9. Figure 3.9 Mechanical characterization of fiberboard [34].
10. Figure 3.10 Density characterization of fiberboard [34].
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Classification of different film-forming biopolymers. Adapted fro...
2. Figure 4.2 Representation of acetylated chitin [poly(N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosamin...
3. Figure 4.3 Structure of chemical chains alginate. Adapted from Hou and Wu [3...
4. Figure 4.4 (a) Lignin distribution in lignocellulosic biomass and (b) lignin...
5. Figure 4.5 Synthesis of PLA using direct condensation and ring-opening polym...
6. Figure 4.6 Schematic representation of the main physical-chemical characteri...
7. Figure 4.7 Schematic representation of the biomedical applications using alg...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 PEL in adhesive systems.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Photograph of fabricated particle board using bioadhesives
2. Figure 6.2 Photograph of PFA sealants at thickeness of 5 mm (a), 7.5 mm (b),...
3. Figure 6.3 Comparison of predicted and experimental percentage difference in...
4. Figure 6.4 Photograph of PFA sealants at 0.3 phr (a), 0.4 phr (b), 0.45 phr ...
5. Figure 6.5 Comparison of predicted and experimental percentage difference in...
6. Figure 6.6 Photograph of PFA sealants at 50^oC (a) and at 60^oC (b).
7. Figure 6.7 Comparison of predicted and experimental percentage difference in...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Biofilm formation in polyurethane stent [13].
2. Figure 7.2 Bioadhesives used for different purposes [19].
3. Figure 7.3 Mechanisms of bioadhesion [29].
4. Figure 7.4 Macrolevel testing of bioadhesives [39].
5. Figure 7.5 Schematic of falling liquid film system [42].
6. Figure 7.6 Bioadhesive tissue engineering [50].
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Major reaction of cellulose: (a) nitration by nitric acid; (b) es...
2. Figure 8.2 (a) Various modes of mechanical testing. (b) Single lap an double...
3. Figure 8.3 Scheme of lap joint test. Adopted from Duncan and Crocker 2001.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Acute and choric wounds.
2. Figure 9.2 Mechanism of wound healing in skin adopted from Luis Cañedo-Doran...
3. Figure 9.3 Classification of wound healing adhesives based upon chemistry.
4. Figure 9.4 Use of surgical glues in surgical processes a diagrammatic repres...
5. Figure 9.5 Diagrammatic representation of clot formation in fibrin glue adop...
6. Figure 9.6 Structures of cyanoacrylates.
7. Figure 9.7 Diagramatic representation of chemical/physical linkages between ...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Chemical structure of chitosan [60].
2. Figure 10.2 Plant cell wall diagram [62].
3. Figure 10.3 Chemical structure of cellulose [64].
4. Figure 10.4 Dimensional structure of cellulose [65].
5. Figure 10.5 Chemical structure of lignin [70].
6. Figure 10.6 Chemical structure of tannin [75].
7. Figure 10.7 Pinewood flooring.
8. Figure 10.8 Walnut wood flooring.
9. Figure 10.9 Poppy husk based composite panel manufacturing process: (a) cold...

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-65504-6

Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

Synthetic adhesives are known for their toxic impact on the natural environment. In the emerging scientific world, many challenges are arising in the industrial sectors as a consequence of trying to meet the demands posed by upgraded technologies. The development of green adhesives based on renewable resources is the necessity of this age. Their importance is growing gradually as the commercial market is motivated to emphasize the benefits of green adhesives. Green adhesives, particularly those based on polysaccharides, have a number of good features, like biodegradability, biocompatibility, bio-inertness, antimicrobial activity, nontoxicity, and low cost, that keep pace with synthetic adhesives.

This edition of Green Adhesives: Preparation, Properties and Applications deals with the fabrication methods, characterization, and applications of green adhesives. It also includes the collective properties of waterborne, bio, and wound-healing green adhesives. Exclusive attention is devoted to discussing the applications of green adhesives in biomedical coatings, food, and industrial applications. This book will be useful for beginners and experts from undergraduate students to industrial engineers working in the field of polymer chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Based on thematic topics, this edition contains the following ten chapters:

Chapter 1 provides an overview of current research progress, major challenges, and future perspectives of the developed anti-adhesive coatings, including hydrophilic polymers, zwitterionic polymers, superhydrophobic polymers, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS), and protein or glycoprotein-based coatings. Three bifunctional coatings with anti-adhesive and antibacterial activities are also discussed.

Chapter 2 focuses on adhesives that are synthesized with renewable lignin. The structure and reactivity of various industrial lignins are introduced in detail. The methods for modifying technical lignins to improve their reactivity for the synthesis of bio-based adhesives and the performances of resultant adhesives are discussed.

Chapter 3 describes the predominant role of green adhesives in various industrial applications. It further enumerates various categories of green adhesives by pointing out its vital material characterization concerning robotics, microelectronics, and space applications. Moreover, its contribution to powder coating, leather tanning, fiberboard, and dental fields are also discussed.

Chapter 4 highlights some green adhesives produced from polysaccharides or biopolymers which are widely available and play an important role in biomedical systems for various applications such as tissue engineering, drug and gene delivery, and wound healing. Several physicochemical characterizations of biopolymers and the main advantages and feasibility of some procedures found in the literature also are discussed.

Chapter 5 describes the procedures for modifying polymer systems into waterborne ones by the incorporation of hydrophilic segments by various means. It also demonstrates the structure and properties of waterborne epoxy and polyurethanes that could be used in adhesive applications.

Chapter 6 discusses the preparation of furfuryl alcohol-based adhesives. The methods of preparing polyfurfuryl alcohol-based sealants without blistering based on temperature, amount of the catalyst, as well as thickness of the end products are discussed in detail and validated by mathematical model.

Chapter 7 deals with the overview of bioadhesives, their history, and classification. It also elaborates the mechanism of bioadhesion along with the testing methods and application of bioadhesives. Focus is placed on bioadhesion mechanisms like sealants, adhesives, hemostatic proxies, etc. This chapter may open doors for researchers working on metals, alloys, and composite materials by introducing a better way of avoiding the failure of the elements using bioadhesives.

Chapter 8 details the development of polysaccharide adhesives based on renewable resources.

Chapter 9 describes the role of adhesives in the healing of wounds that appear after surgical incisions, endoscopic processes, dental procedures, ocular surgeries of both cornea and retina, cataract, pancreatectomy, gastric incisions, inguinal hernia repair, variceal bleeding, knee arthroplasty, cardiac surgeries, diabetic foot ulcers, accidental lacerations, and burns.

Chapter 10 discusses synthetic or renewable adhesive systems that can replace formaldehyde-based adhesives. In this chapter, recent research on wood flooring adhesives is included.

Chapter 11 focuses on the basic characteristics, classification, production, benefits, properties, application of synthetic adhesives and resins for bonding glass, metals, ceramics, wood, rubber, foil, paper, leather, cloth, plastic films, and some structural materials.

Editors
Inamuddin
Rajender Boddula
Mohd Imran Ahmed
Abdullah M. Asiri