Details

Water Engineering


Water Engineering

Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment
1. Aufl.

von: Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang

120,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 27.05.2015
ISBN/EAN: 9781119041900
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 832

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Beschreibungen

<p>Details the design and process of water supply systems, tracing the progression from source to sink<br /> <br /> </p> <ul> <li>Organized and logical flow, tracing the connections in the water-supply system from the water’s source to its eventual use</li> <li>Emphasized coverage of water supply infrastructure and the design of water treatment processes</li> <li>Inclusion of fundamentals and practical examples so as to connect theory with the realities of design</li> <li>Provision of useful reference for practicing engineers who require a more in-depth coverage, higher level students studying drinking water systems as well as students in preparation for the FE/PE examinations</li> <li>Inclusion of examples and homework questions in both SI and US units</li> </ul>
<p>Preface xvii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xix</p> <p><b>1 Introduction to Water Systems 1 </b></p> <p>1.1 Components of Water Systems 2</p> <p>1.2 Required Capacity 2</p> <p>1.3 Sources of Water Supply 3</p> <p>1.4 Rainwater 4</p> <p>1.5 Surface Water 5</p> <p>1.6 Groundwater 6</p> <p>1.7 Purification Works 9</p> <p>1.8 Transmission Works 12</p> <p>1.9 Distribution Works 12</p> <p>1.10 Water Systems Management 15</p> <p>1.11 Individual Water Systems 17</p> <p>Problems/Questions 18</p> <p>References 19</p> <p><b>2 Water Sources: Surface Water 21 </b></p> <p>2.1 Sources of Surface Water 21</p> <p>2.2 Safe Yield of Streams 24</p> <p>2.3 Storage as a Function of Draft and Runoff 24</p> <p>2.4 Design Storage 25</p> <p>2.5 Loss by Evaporation, Seepage, and Silting 27</p> <p>2.6 Area and Volume of Reservoirs 31</p> <p>2.7 Management of Catchment Areas 32</p> <p>2.8 Reservoir Siting 33</p> <p>2.9 Reservoir Management 33</p> <p>2.10 Dams and Dikes 34</p> <p>2.11 Spillways 36</p> <p>2.12 Intakes 37</p> <p>2.13 Diversion Works 38</p> <p>2.14 Collection of Rainwater 39</p> <p>Problems/Questions 41</p> <p>References 42</p> <p><b>3 Water Sources: Groundwater 45 </b></p> <p>3.1 Porosity and Effective Porosity 45</p> <p>3.2 Permeability 47</p> <p>3.3 Groundwater Geology 47</p> <p>3.4 Groundwater Situation in The United States 48</p> <p>3.5 Types of Aquifers 48</p> <p>3.6 Groundwater Movement 49</p> <p>3.7 Darcy's Law 49</p> <p>3.8 Aquifer Characteristics 50</p> <p>3.9 Well Hydraulics 52</p> <p>3.10 Nonsteady Radial Flow 52</p> <p>3.11 Prediction of Drawdown 60</p> <p>3.12 Multiple-Well Systems 63</p> <p>3.13 Aquifer Boundaries 67</p> <p>3.14 Characteristics of Wells 70</p> <p>3.15 Yield of a Well 71</p> <p>3.16 Well Design 73</p> <p>3.17 Well Construction 74</p> <p>3.18 Evaluation of Aquifer Behavior 77</p> <p>3.19 Groundwater Quality Management 78</p> <p>3.20 Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water 79</p> <p>Problems/Questions 84</p> <p>References 85</p> <p><b>4 Quantities of Water Demand 87 </b></p> <p>4.1 Design Period 87</p> <p>4.2 Design Population 88</p> <p>4.3 Water Consumption 92</p> <p>4.4 Variations or Patterns of Water Demand 96</p> <p>4.5 Demand and Drainage Loads of Buildings 104</p> <p>Problems/Questions 106</p> <p>References 106</p> <p><b>5 Water Hydraulics, Transmission, and Appurtenances 109 </b></p> <p>5.1 Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, and Water Transmission 109</p> <p>5.2 Fluid Transport 121</p> <p>5.3 Capacity and Size of Conduits 152</p> <p>5.4 Multiple Lines 154</p> <p>5.5 Cross-Sections 155</p> <p>5.6 Structural Requirements 155</p> <p>5.7 Location 156</p> <p>5.8 Materials of Construction 159</p> <p>5.9 Appurtenances 160</p> <p>5.10 Additional Hydraulics Topics 164</p> <p>Problems/Questions 172</p> <p>References 178</p> <p><b>6 Water Distribution Systems: Components, Design, and Operation 181 </b></p> <p>6.1 Distribution Systems 181</p> <p>6.2 System Components 183</p> <p>6.3 System Capacity 185</p> <p>6.4 System Pressure 185</p> <p>6.5 Field Performance of Existing Systems 186</p> <p>6.6 Office Studies of Pipe Networks 187</p> <p>6.7 Industrial Water Systems 197</p> <p>6.8 Management, Operation, and Maintenance of Distribution Systems 197</p> <p>6.9 Practical Design and Analysis of Water Distribution Systems 202</p> <p>Problems/Questions 205</p> <p>References 210</p> <p><b>7 Water Distribution Systems: Modeling and Computer Applications 213 </b></p> <p>7.1 Watergems Software 213</p> <p>7.2 Water Demand Patterns 213</p> <p>7.3 Energy Losses and Gains 214</p> <p>7.4 Pipe Networks 215</p> <p>7.5 Network Analysis 216</p> <p>7.6 Water Quality Modeling 216</p> <p>7.7 Automated Optimization 218</p> <p>7.8 Practical Applications of Computer-Aided Water Supply System Analysis 232</p> <p>Problems/Questions 233</p> <p>References 240</p> <p><b>8 Pumping, Storage, and Dual Water Systems 241 </b></p> <p>8.1 Pumps and Pumping Stations 241</p> <p>8.2 Pump Characteristics 241</p> <p>8.3 Service Storage 248</p> <p>8.4 Location of Storage 251</p> <p>8.5 Elevation of Storage 251</p> <p>8.6 Types of Distributing Reservoirs 251</p> <p>8.7 Dual Water Supply Systems 257</p> <p>8.8 Raw Water Intake Structures and Raw Water Pumping Wells 260</p> <p>Problems/Questions 262</p> <p>References 266</p> <p><b>9 Cross-Connection Control 267 </b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 267</p> <p>9.2 Public Health Significance of Cross-Connections 268</p> <p>9.3 Theory of Backflow and Backsiphonage 276</p> <p>9.4 Methods and Devices for the Prevention of Backflow and Backsiphonage 280</p> <p>9.5 Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Preventer 285</p> <p>9.6 Administration of a Cross-Connection Control Program 289</p> <p>9.7 Pressure and Leakage Tests of Water Mains 291</p> <p>Problems/Questions 293</p> <p>References 295</p> <p><b>10 Water Quality Characteristics and Drinking Water Standards 297 </b></p> <p>10.1 Objectives of Water-Quality Management 297</p> <p>10.2 Natural Available Water Resources 297</p> <p>10.3 Public Health Issues and Drinking Water Treatment 298</p> <p>10.4 Physical Characteristics and Constituents 300</p> <p>10.5 Chemical Characteristics and Constituents 301</p> <p>10.6 Biological Characteristics and Constituents 307</p> <p>10.7 Radiological Characteristics and Constituents 310</p> <p>10.8 Drinking Water Quality Standards 311</p> <p>10.9 Industrial Water Quality Standards 313</p> <p>10.10 Bathing Waters 317</p> <p>10.11 Fishing and Shellfish Waters 317</p> <p>10.12 Irrigation Waters 319</p> <p>10.13 Quality of Water from Various Sources 319</p> <p>10.14 Good Quality Water 320</p> <p>10.15 Self-Purification and Storage 320</p> <p>10.16 Objectives of Water Examination 321</p> <p>10.17 Methods of Examination 321</p> <p>10.18 Standard Tests 322</p> <p>10.19 Expression of Analytical Results 322</p> <p>10.20 Tapping a Source of Water 322</p> <p>Problems/Questions 323</p> <p>References 323</p> <p><b>11 Water Treatment Systems 325 </b></p> <p>11.1 Purpose of Water Treatment 325</p> <p>11.2 Treatment of Raw Water 325</p> <p>11.3 Unit Operations and Unit Processes 328</p> <p>11.4 Gas Transfer 330</p> <p>11.5 Ion Transfer 330</p> <p>11.6 Solute Stabilization 333</p> <p>11.7 Solids Transfer 333</p> <p>11.8 Nutrient or Molecular Transfer and Interfacial Contact 338</p> <p>11.9 Disinfection 339</p> <p>11.10 Miscellaneous Operations/Processes 340</p> <p>11.11 Coordination of Unit Operations/Processes 340</p> <p>11.12 Selection of Water Treatment Technologies 341</p> <p>11.13 Control of Turbidity, Color, and Biological Contamination 342</p> <p>11.14 Organic Contaminant Removal 343</p> <p>11.15 Inorganic Contaminant Removal and Control 345</p> <p>11.16 Water Renovation 348</p> <p>11.17 Treatment Kinetics 350</p> <p>11.18 Monitoring Water Quality 351</p> <p>11.19 Distribution to Customers 352</p> <p>11.20 Glossary of Water Treatment Systems 352</p> <p>Problems/Questions 359</p> <p>References 360</p> <p><b>12 Chemicals Feeding, Mixing, and Flocculation 363 </b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 363</p> <p>12.2 Handling, Storing, and Feeding Chemicals 363</p> <p>12.3 Rapid Mixing 367</p> <p>12.4 Rapid Mixing and Slow Flocculation 372</p> <p>12.5 Flocculation 373</p> <p>12.6 Mixing and Stirring Devices 373</p> <p>12.7 Flocculator Performance 391</p> <p>12.8 Costs 393</p> <p>Problems/Questions 394</p> <p>References 395</p> <p><b>13 Aeration, Gas Transfer, and Oxidation 397 </b></p> <p>13.1 Sources of Gases in Water 397</p> <p>13.2 Objectives of Gas Transfer 397</p> <p>13.3 Absorption and Desorption of Gases 398</p> <p>13.4 Rates of Gas Absorption and Desorption 400</p> <p>13.5 Types of Aerators 402</p> <p>13.6 Factors Governing Gas Transfer 405</p> <p>13.7 Design of Gravity Aerators 405</p> <p>13.8 Design of Fixed-Spray Aerators 406</p> <p>13.9 Design of Movable-Spray Aerators 406</p> <p>13.10 Design of Injection Aerators 407</p> <p>13.11 Mechanical Aerators 408</p> <p>13.12 Oxidation for Removal of Dissolved Iron and Manganese 408</p> <p>13.13 Removal of Specific Gases 411</p> <p>13.14 Removal of Odors and Tastes 414</p> <p>Problems/Questions 414</p> <p>References 415</p> <p><b>14 Coagulation 417 </b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 417</p> <p>14.2 The Colloidal State 417</p> <p>14.3 Colloidal Structure and Stability of Colloids 418</p> <p>14.4 Destabilization of Colloids 421</p> <p>14.5 Influencing Factors 423</p> <p>14.6 Coagulants 425</p> <p>14.7 Coagulation Control 432</p> <p>Problems/Questions 435</p> <p>Special Reference 436</p> <p>References 436</p> <p><b>15 Screening, Sedimentation, and Flotation 439 </b></p> <p>15.1 Treatment Objectives 439</p> <p>15.2 Screening 439</p> <p>15.3 Sedimentation 439</p> <p>15.4 Types of Sedimentation 439</p> <p>15.5 Settling Basins 447</p> <p>15.6 Upflow Clarification 451</p> <p>15.7 General Dimensions of Settling Tanks 455</p> <p>15.8 Sludge Removal 456</p> <p>15.9 Inlet Hydraulics 456</p> <p>15.10 Outlet Hydraulics 459</p> <p>15.11 Sedimentation Tank Loading, Detention, And Performance 459</p> <p>15.12 Shallow Depth Settlers 462</p> <p>15.13 Gravity Thickening of Sludge 464</p> <p>15.14 Natural Flotation 467</p> <p>15.15 Dissolved Air Flotation Process 468</p> <p>Problems/Questions 480</p> <p>References 482</p> <p><b>16 Conventional Filtration 485 </b></p> <p>16.1 Granular Water Filters 485</p> <p>16.2 Granular Wastewater Filters 487</p> <p>16.3 Granular Filtering Materials 488</p> <p>16.4 Preparation of Filter Sand 490</p> <p>16.5 Hydraulics of Filtration 491</p> <p>16.6 Hydraulics of Fluidized Beds--Filter Backwashing 494</p> <p>16.7 Removal of Impurities 497</p> <p>16.8 Kinetics of Filtration 497</p> <p>16.9 Filter Design 498</p> <p>16.10 Filter Appurtenances and Rate Control 505</p> <p>16.11 Length of Filter Run 506</p> <p>16.12 Filter Troubles 507</p> <p>16.13 Plant Performance 508</p> <p>Problems/Questions 509</p> <p>References 510</p> <p><b>17 Alternative and Membrane Filtration Technologies 513 </b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction of Filtration Technologies 513</p> <p>17.2 Direct Filtration 514</p> <p>17.3 Slow Sand Filtration 516</p> <p>17.4 Package Plant Filtration 518</p> <p>17.5 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration 524</p> <p>17.6 Cartridge Filtration 526</p> <p>17.7 Membrane Filtration 527</p> <p>17.8 Selecting the Appropriate Filtration Treatment System 540</p> <p>Problems/Questions 541</p> <p>References 542</p> <p><b>18 Disinfection and Disinfection By-products Control 545 </b></p> <p>18.1 Purpose of Disinfection 545</p> <p>18.2 Pathogens, Disinfection, and Disinfectants 545</p> <p>18.3 Disinfection by Heat 546</p> <p>18.4 Disinfection by Ultraviolet Light 546</p> <p>18.5 Disinfection by Chemicals 546</p> <p>18.6 Theory of Chemical Disinfection 548</p> <p>18.7 Kinetics of Chemical Disinfection 549</p> <p>18.8 Disinfection by Ozone 554</p> <p>18.9 Disinfection by Chlorine 556</p> <p>18.10 Free Available Chlorine and Free Chlorination 556</p> <p>18.11 Combined Available Chlorine and Chloramination 558</p> <p>18.12 Breakpoint Reactions of Ammonia 559</p> <p>18.13 Dechlorination 559</p> <p>18.14 Disinfection by-Products 560</p> <p>18.15 Chemical Technology of Disinfection 562</p> <p>18.16 Operational Technology of Chlorination 562</p> <p>18.17 Operational Technology of Sodium Hypochlorination 567</p> <p>18.18 Operational Technology of Calcium Hypochlorination 570</p> <p>18.19 Operational Technology of Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection 570</p> <p>18.20 Operational Technology of Ozonation 571</p> <p>18.21 Operational Technology of UV Disinfection 574</p> <p>18.22 Recent Developments in Disinfection Management--Log Removal/Inactivation Credits of Drinking Water Treatment Processes 582</p> <p>Problems/Questons 589</p> <p>References 591</p> <p><b>19 Chemical Precipitation and Water Softening 593 </b></p> <p>19.1 Chemical Precipitation 593</p> <p>19.2 Description of Precipitation Process 593</p> <p>19.3 Applicability 596</p> <p>19.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 596</p> <p>19.5 Design Criteria 596</p> <p>19.6 Performance--Jar Testing 597</p> <p>19.7 Operation and Maintenance 597</p> <p>19.8 Costs 598</p> <p>19.9 Precipitation of Hardness and Carbonates--Water Softening 598</p> <p>19.10 Recarbonation After Water Softening 602</p> <p>19.11 Recovering Lime After Water Softening 602</p> <p>Problems/Questions 603</p> <p>References 603</p> <p><b>20 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 605 </b></p> <p>20.1 Adsorption Processes 605</p> <p>20.2 Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibria 605</p> <p>20.3 Characteristics of Adsorbents 608</p> <p>20.4 Adsorption of Odors and Tastes 610</p> <p>20.5 Pilot Carbon Column Tests 612</p> <p>20.6 Breakthrough Curve 613</p> <p>20.7 Process Technology 614</p> <p>20.8 Ion Exchange 624</p> <p>20.9 Ion Exchangers 626</p> <p>20.10 The Ion Exchange Process 628</p> <p>20.11 Ion Selectivity 630</p> <p>20.12 Kinetics of Ion Exchange 631</p> <p>20.13 Ion Exchange Technology 632</p> <p>20.14 Water Softening by Ion Exchange 633</p> <p>20.15 Demineralization 634</p> <p>20.16 Concentration of Ions 635</p> <p>20.17 Ion Exchange Membranes and Dialysis 635</p> <p>20.18 Modular Treatment Units for Removal of Radionuclides 636</p> <p>20.19 Case Study I: Nitrate Removal: McFarland, CA 636</p> <p>20.20 Case Study II: Fluoride Removal in Gila Bend, AZ 637</p> <p>Problems/Questions 637</p> <p>References 639</p> <p><b>21 Chemical Stabilization and Control of Corrosion and Biofilms 641 </b></p> <p>21.1 Chemical Stabilization 641</p> <p>21.2 Corrosion 643</p> <p>21.3 The Corrosion Reaction 644</p> <p>21.4 Control of Corrosion 648</p> <p>21.5 Lead and Copper Corrosion 650</p> <p>21.6 Lead Corrosion Control 651</p> <p>21.7 Biofilm Control 655</p> <p>Problems/Questions 659</p> <p>References 660</p> <p><b>22 Residues Management, Safety, and Emergency Response 661 </b></p> <p>22.1 Management of Residues 661</p> <p>22.2 Types of Residuals 662</p> <p>22.3 Applicable Regulations 663</p> <p>22.4 Residual Solids Treatment 663</p> <p>22.5 Residuals Disposal 664</p> <p>22.6 Selection of Management Plans 666</p> <p>22.7 Safety and Accident Prevention 670</p> <p>22.8 Emergency Response Plan 673</p> <p>22.9 Actions Prior to Developing an ERP 674</p> <p>22.10 Emergency Response Plan Core Elements 675</p> <p>22.11 Putting the ERP Together and ERP Activation 677</p> <p>22.12 Action Plans 678</p> <p>22.13 Next Steps 681</p> <p>Problems/Questions 681</p> <p>References 682</p> <p><b>23 Prevention through Design and System Safety 683 </b></p> <p>23.1 Introduction to System Safety 683</p> <p>23.2 Nature and Magnitude of Safety and Health Problems 685</p> <p>23.3 Risk Assessment Matrix 687</p> <p>23.4 Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 693</p> <p>23.5 Engineering and Design for Safe Construction 698</p> <p>23.6 Construction Safety and Health Management 703</p> <p>23.7 Requirements for Safety in Construction Projects 706</p> <p>23.8 Occupational Diseases 710</p> <p>23.9 Ergonomics 714</p> <p>Problems/Questions 715</p> <p>References 716</p> <p><b>24 Engineering Projects Management 717 </b></p> <p>24.1 Role of Engineers 717</p> <p>24.2 Steps in Project Development 717</p> <p>24.3 The Engineering Report 718</p> <p>24.4 Feasibility Studies 719</p> <p>24.5 Alternatives 719</p> <p>24.6 Plans and Specifications 720</p> <p>24.7 Sources of Information 720</p> <p>24.8 Standards 720</p> <p>24.9 Design Specifications 721</p> <p>24.10 Project Construction 721</p> <p>24.11 Project Financing 723</p> <p>24.12 Methods of Borrowing 725</p> <p>24.13 Rate Making 725</p> <p>24.14 Systems Management 726</p> <p>Problems/Questions 727</p> <p>References 727</p> <p>Appendixes 729</p> <p>Index 797</p>
<p><b>NAZIH K. SHAMMAS</b> is currently a consultant, book editor and author. He has been an environmental expert, researcher, professor, and consultant for more than 40 years. He was Dean and Director at the Lenox Institute of Water Technology and consultant to Krofta Engineering Corporation as well as the recipient of a Block Grant from the University of Michigan, First Award for best thesis of the year from the Sigma Xi Society, Commendation from ABET, and the GCC Prize for Best Environmental Work. Dr Shammas is included for more than 20 years in 5 of the Who's Who Publications. He is the author of over 250 publications and 20 environmental engineering books. <p><b>LAWRENCE K. WANG</b> is currently a consultant to industries, municipalities, and the US Federal and local governments. He has been a facility manager, design engineer, inventor, professor, and book editor for more than 45 years. He was acting president of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology and Engineering Director of Krofta Engineering Corporation, as well as a recipient of the 5-Star Innovative Engineering Award, the NYWEA Kenneth Research Award, and the Korean WPCA Engineering Award. Dr Wang is an inventor of 29 US and foreign patents, and an author of 700+ scientific papers and 40+ engineering books. He is listed in the Who's Who in America and Who's Who of the World.
<p><b>Details the design and process of water supply systems, tracing the progression from source to sink</b> <p>A clean water supply with sufficient quantity and pressure is necessary for public health and fire protection. Increasing urbanization and industrialization, however, places high levels of stress on water supply systems. Acceptable quality and sufficient sources of water for municipal purposes are becoming more difficult to find. New and improved water resources conservation, treatment and distribution technologies are constantly being researched and developed in order to keep up with the growing demand for water. An effective design for drinking water systems relies on an understanding and application of scientific principles. Environmental engineers employ diverse biological, physical, and chemical techniques to extract and treat water from a variety of resources including surface water, groundwater, seawater, and rain/snow. <p><i>Water Engineering: Hydraulics, Distribution and Treatment</i>, discusses water quality, quantity, pressure and delivery subjects, variations and deals with different infrastructural components of municipal water systems, such as collection, purification, transmission, and distribution works. It also discusses the ways in which these systems and treatments supplement one another to produce a purified water supply with sufficient quantity and pressure, that meets the needs of the population. <p>It features: <ul> <li>An organized and logical flow, tracing the connections in the water supply system from the water's source to its eventual use</li> <li>Design of water-supply infrastructure and water treatment processes</li> <li>Useful references for practicing water engineers who require a more in-depth, higher level description of drinking water systems as well as senior and graduate students in preparation for the FE/PE examinations</li> <li>Many design examples and homework questions in both SI and US units</li> <li>Fundamentals and practical examples so as to connect theory with the realities of water system design</li> </ul>

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