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<p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 Carbon Nanomaterials for Zn-Ion Batteries 1<br /></b><i>Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, Rajender Boddula, K. Chandra Babu Naidu and Ramyakrishna Pothu</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 2</p> <p>1.2 Co₄N (CN) - Carbon Fibers Network (CFN) -Carbon Cloth (CC) 2</p> <p>1.3 N-Doping of Carbon Nanofibers 2</p> <p>1.4 NiCo₂S₄on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 4</p> <p>1.5 3D Phosphorous and Sulfur Co-Doped C₃N₄ Sponge With C Nanocrystal 5</p> <p>1.6 2D Carbon Nanosheets 6</p> <p>1.7 N-Doped Graphene Oxide With NiCo₂O₄ 6</p> <p>1.8 Conclusions 7</p> <p>Acknowledgements 8</p> <p>References 8</p> <p><b>2 Construction, Working, and Applications of Different Zn-Based Batteries 11<br /></b><i>G. Ranjith Kumar, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, D. Baba Basha, D. Prakash Babu, M.S.S.R.K.N. Sarma, Ramyakrishna Pothu, and Rajender Boddula</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 12</p> <p>2.2 History 13</p> <p>2.3 Types of Batteries 14</p> <p>2.3.1 Primary Battery 14</p> <p>2.3.2 Secondary Battery 14</p> <p>2.4 Zinc-Carbon Batteries 18</p> <p>2.5 Zinc-Cerium Batteries 19</p> <p>2.6 Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries 20</p> <p>References 21</p> <p><b>3 Nickel and Cobalt Materials for Zn Batteries 25<br /></b><i>Sonal Singh, Rishabh Sharma and Manika Khanuja</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 26</p> <p>3.2 Zinc Batteries 27</p> <p>3.3 Nickel-Zinc Battery 27</p> <p>3.3.1 History 27</p> <p>3.3.2 Basics 28</p> <p>3.3.3 Materials and Cost 30</p> <p>3.3.4 Reliability 30</p> <p>3.3.5 Voltage Drop 30</p> <p>3.3.6 Performance 31</p> <p>3.4 Advantages 31</p> <p>3.5 Challenges 32</p> <p>3.6 Effect of Metallic Additives, Cobalt and Zinc, on Nickel Electrode 32</p> <p>3.7 Conclusion 33</p> <p>References 34</p> <p><b>4 Manganese-Based Materials for Zn Batteries 37<br /></b><i>S. Ramesh, K. Chandrababu Naidu, K. Venkata Ratnam, H. Manjunatha, D. Baba Basha and A. Mallikarjauna</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 37</p> <p>4.2 History of the Zinc and Zinc Batteries 38</p> <p>4.3 Characteristics of Batteries 41</p> <p>4.3.1 Capacity 41</p> <p>4.3.2 Current 41</p> <p>4.3.3 Power Density 41</p> <p>4.4 MN-Based Zn Batteries 42</p> <p>4.5 Conclusion 44</p> <p>References 47</p> <p><b>5 Electrolytes for Zn-Ion Batteries 51<br /></b><i>Praveen Kumar Yadav, Sapna Raghav, Jyoti Raghav and S. S. Swarupa Tripathy</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 52</p> <p>5.2 Electrolytes for Rechargeable Zinc Ion Batteries (RZIBs) 53</p> <p>5.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes (AqEs) 54</p> <p>5.2.1.1 Pros and Cons of AEs 55</p> <p>5.2.1.2 Neutral or Mildly Acidic Electrolytes 58</p> <p>5.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 59</p> <p>5.2.2.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes 60</p> <p>5.2.2.2 Hydrogel or Gel Electrolytes 61</p> <p>5.2.2.3 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 63</p> <p>5.2.3 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 63</p> <p>5.2.4 Bio-Electrolyte 65</p> <p>5.3 Summary 65</p> <p>Abbreviation Table 66</p> <p>Acknowledgments 66</p> <p>References 67</p> <p><b>6 Anode Materials for Zinc-Ion Batteries 73<br /></b><i>Muhammad Mudassir Hassan, Muhammad Inam Khan, Abdur Rahim and Nawshad Muhammad</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 73</p> <p>6.2 Storage Mechanism 75</p> <p>6.3 Zinc-Ion Battery Anodes 77</p> <p>6.4 Future Prospects 81</p> <p>6.5 Conclusion 81</p> <p>References 82</p> <p><b>7 Cathode Materials for Zinc-Air Batteries 85<br /></b><i>Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 85</p> <p>7.1.1 Cathode Definition 86</p> <p>7.2 Zinc Cathode Structure 87</p> <p>7.3 Non-Valuable Materials for Cathode Electrocatalytic 89</p> <p>7.4 Electrochemical Specifications of Activated Carbon as a Cathode 92</p> <p>7.4.1 Electrochemical Evaluation of Cathode Substances La_1−XCa_xCoO₃ Zinc Batteries 92</p> <p>7.5 Extremely Durable and Inexpensive Cathode Air Catalyst 93</p> <p>7.5.1 Co₃O₄/Mno₂ NPs Dual Oxygen Catalyst as Cathode for Zn-Air Rechargeable Battery 94</p> <p>7.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Employing Nitrogen as Catalyst in the Zinc/Air Battery System 94</p> <p>7.5.3 Magnesium Oxide NPs Modified Catalyst for the Use of Air Electrodes in Zn/Air Batteries 94</p> <p>7.5.4 Silver-Magnesium Oxide Nanocatalysts as Cathode for Zn-Air Batteries 95</p> <p>7.5.5 One-Step Preparation of C-N Ni/Co-Doped Nanotube Hybrid as Outstanding Cathode Catalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries 95</p> <p>7.6 Hierarchical Co₃O₄ Nano-Micro Array With Superior Working Characteristics Using Cathode Ray on Pliable and Rechargeable Battery 96</p> <p>7.7 Dual Function Oxygen Catalyst Upon Active Iron-Based Zn-Air Rechargeable Batteries 97</p> <p>7.7.1 Co₄N and NC Fiber Coupling Connected to a Free-Acting Binary Cathode for Strong, Efficient, and Pliable Air Batteries 98</p> <p>7.8 Conclusion 98</p> <p>Nomenclature 99</p> <p>References 99</p> <p><b>8 Anode Materials for Zinc-Air Batteries 103<br /></b><i>Abbas Ghareghashi and Ali Mohebbi</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 104</p> <p>8.2 Zinc Anodes 105</p> <p>8.2.1 Downsizing of Zn Anodes 106</p> <p>8.2.2 Design of Membrane Separators 107</p> <p>8.2.3 The Use of ZnO Instead of Zn 108</p> <p>8.2.4 Increase of Surface Area in Zn Anode Structure 110</p> <p>8.2.5 Coating of Zn Anode 111</p> <p>8.2.5.1 Bismuth Oxide-Based Glasses 112</p> <p>8.2.5.2 Silica 114</p> <p>8.2.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes 115</p> <p>8.2.5.4 ZnO@C 116</p> <p>8.2.5.5 Zn-Al LDHs 116</p> <p>8.2.5.6 ZnO@C-ZnAl LDHs 118</p> <p>8.2.5.7 Tapioca 119</p> <p>8.2.5.8 TiO₂ 122</p> <p>8.3 Conclusions 123</p> <p>References 124</p> <p><b>9 Safety and Environmental Impacts of Zn Batteries 131<br /></b><i>Saurabh Sharma, Abhishek Anand, Amritanshu Shukla and Atul Sharma</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 131</p> <p>9.2 Working Principle of Zinc-Based Batteries 132</p> <p>9.2.1 Zinc-Air Batteries Basic Principle and Advances 133</p> <p>9.2.2 Zinc Organic Polymer Batteries 135</p> <p>9.2.3 Zinc-Ion Batteries 137</p> <p>9.2.3.1 Zinc-Silver Batteries 137</p> <p>9.2.3.2 Zinc-Nickel Batteries 138</p> <p>9.2.3.3 Zinc-Manganese Battery 140</p> <p>9.3 Batteries: Environment Impact, Solution, and Safety 141</p> <p>9.3.1 Disposal of Batteries and Environmental Impact 143</p> <p>9.3.2 Recycling of Zinc-Based Batteries 143</p> <p>9.4 Conclusion 146</p> <p>Acknowledgement 147</p> <p>References 147</p> <p><b>10 Basics and Developments of Zinc-Air Batteries 151<br /></b><i>Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 151</p> <p>10.1.1 Public Specifications 151</p> <p>10.2 Zinc-Air Electrode Chemical Reaction 153</p> <p>10.3 Zinc/Air Battery Construction 154</p> <p>10.4 Primary Zn/Air Batteries 157</p> <p>10.5 Principles of Configuration and Operation 159</p> <p>10.6 Developments in Electrical Fuel Zn/Air Batteries 161</p> <p>10.6.1 Zn/Air Versus Metal/Air Systems 161</p> <p>10.7 Conclusion 162</p> <p>References 164</p> <p><b>11 History and Development of Zinc Batteries 167<br /></b><i>Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav, Ankita Dhillon and Dinesh Kumar</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 167</p> <p>11.2 Basic Concept 169</p> <p>11.2.1 Components of Batteries 169</p> <p>11.2.2 Classification of Batteries 171</p> <p>11.2.2.1 Primary Batteries 171</p> <p>11.2.2.2 Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries (RBs) 171</p> <p>11.3 Cell Operation 172</p> <p>11.3.1 Process of Discharge 172</p> <p>11.3.2 Process of Charge 172</p> <p>11.4 History 173</p> <p>11.5 Different Types of Zinc Batteries 174</p> <p>11.5.1 Zinc-Carbon Batteries 174</p> <p>11.5.2 Zinc/Manganese Oxide Batteries (Alkaline Batteries) 174</p> <p>11.5.3 Zinc/Silver Oxide Battery 174</p> <p>11.5.4 Zn-Air (Zn-O₂) Batteries 176</p> <p>11.5.4.1 Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries (Zn-O₂ Batteries) 177</p> <p>11.5.4.2 Electrically Rechargeable Batteries (Zn-O₂ Batteries) 178</p> <p>11.5.5 Hybrid Zn-O₂ Batteries 178</p> <p>11.5.5.1 Hybrid Zn-Ni/O₂ Batteries 178</p> <p>11.5.5.2 Hybrid Zn-Co/O₂ Batteries 179</p> <p>11.5.6 Aqueous Zinc-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 180</p> <p>11.5.6.1 Zn²⁺ Insertion/Extraction Mechanism 180</p> <p>11.5.6.2 Chemical Conversion Mechanism 180</p> <p>11.5.6.3 H⁺ and Zn²⁺ Insertion/Extraction Mechanism 181</p> <p>11.6 Future Perspectives 181</p> <p>11.7 Conclusion 182</p> <p>Abbreviations 182</p> <p>Acknowledgement 183</p> <p>References 183</p> <p><b>12 Electrolytes for Zinc-Air Batteries 187<br /></b><i>Zahra Farmani, Mohammad Amin Sedghamiz, and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 187</p> <p>12.2 Aqueous Electrolytes 188</p> <p>12.2.1 Alkaline Electrolytes 189</p> <p>12.2.1.1 Dissolution of Zinc in Alkaline Systems 189</p> <p>12.2.1.2 Insoluble Carbonates Precipitation 192</p> <p>12.2.1.3 Effect of Water 193</p> <p>12.2.1.4 Hydrogen Evolution 194</p> <p>12.2.2 Neutral Electrolytes 195</p> <p>12.2.3 Acidic Electrolytes 196</p> <p>12.3 Electrolytes of Non-Aqueous 197</p> <p>12.3.1 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 199</p> <p>12.3 Summary 203</p> <p>References 206</p> <p><b>13 Security, Storage, Handling, Influences and Disposal/Recycling of Zinc Batteries 215<br /></b><i>Manju Yadav and Dinesh Kumar</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 215</p> <p>13.2 Security of Zinc Battery 217</p> <p>13.2.1 Modifications for Improving Performance 218</p> <p>13.2.1.1 High Surface Area 218</p> <p>13.2.1.2 Carbon-Based Electrode Additives 221</p> <p>13.2.1.3 Discharge-Capturing Electrode Additives 221</p> <p>13.2.1.4 Electrode Coatings 222</p> <p>13.2.1.5 Electrolyte Additives 222</p> <p>13.2.1.6 Heavy-Metals Electrode Additive 222</p> <p>13.2.1.7 Polymeric Binders 223</p> <p>13.2.2 Storage and Handling 224</p> <p>13.3 Influence of Zinc Battery 224</p> <p>13.3.1 Consumption of Natural Resources 225</p> <p>13.3.2 Toxicity of Batteries to Humans 226</p> <p>13.3.3 Toxicity of Batteries to the Aquatic Environment 226</p> <p>13.4 Disposal/Recycling Options 227</p> <p>Acknowledgement 228</p> <p>References 228</p> <p><b>14 Materials for Ni-Zn Batteries 235<br /></b><i>Vaishali Tomar and Dinesh Kumar</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 235</p> <p>14.1.1 Functioning Principles of Nickel-Zinc Battery 237</p> <p>14.1.2 Ni-Zn Battery Design 238</p> <p>14.2 Expansion of Ni-Zn Battery 239</p> <p>14.2.1 Active Materials for the Battery 240</p> <p>14.3 Application 241</p> <p>14.4 Conclusion 242</p> <p>Acknowledgement 243</p> <p>References 243</p> <p>Index 249</p>

<p><b>Rajender Boddula</b>, <b>PhD</b>, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). He has published many scientific articles and serves as an editorial board member for a number of international peer-reviewed journals and has published edited books with numerous publishers. <p><b>Inamuddin, PhD</b>, is an assistant professor in the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators. <p><b>Abdullah M. Asiri</b> is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is placed on the list of prestigious highly cited (Hi-Ci) researchers' of the year 2018 powered by Web of Science. He serves on the editorial boards of multiple scientific journals and is the Vice President of the Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch). He holds multiple patents, has authored many books, more than one thousand publications in international journals, and multiple book chapters.

<p><b>Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific chemists in the world and his team, this is the most thorough, up-to-date, and comprehensive volume on zinc (Zn) batteries available today.</b> <p>Battery technology is constantly changing, and the concepts and applications of these changes are rapidly becoming increasingly more important as more and more industries and individuals continue to make "greener" choices in their energy sources. As global dependence on fossil fuels slowly wanes, there is a heavier and heavier importance placed on cleaner power sources and methods for storing and transporting that power. Battery technology is a huge part of this global energy revolution. <p>Zinc batteries are an advantageous choice over lithium-based batteries, which have dominated the market for years in multiple areas, most specifically in electric vehicles and other battery-powered devices. Zinc is the fourth most abundant metal in the world, which is influential in its lower cost, making it a very attractive material for use in batteries. Zinc-based batteries have been around since the 1930s, but only now are they taking center stage in the energy, automotive, and other industries. <p><i>Zinc Batteries: Basics, Developments, and Applications</i> is intended as a discussion of the different zinc batteries for energy storage applications. It also provides an in-depth description of various energy storage materials for Zinc (Zn) batteries. This book is an invaluable reference guide for electrochemists, chemical engineers, students, faculty, and R&D professionals in energy storage science, material science, and renewable energy. <p>This outstanding new volume: <ul> <li>Covers the basic research and application approaches to zinc batteries</li> <li>Explores challenges and future directions of zinc batteries</li> <li>Outlines the influences of electrodes and electrolytes for enhanced performance</li> <li>Includes all types of energy storage materials in a single volume</li> <li>Elaborates on the extensive properties of zinc batteries electrodes for future use</li> </ul>

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